Die Kompensation von Atembewegungen ist eines der schwierigsten Forschungsgebiete der Strahlentherapie. Für eine zielsichere Behandlung beweglicher Tumore muss deren Position fortlaufend erfasst und der Behandlungsstrahl mit kurzer Latenz auf die Bewegung angepasst werden.
Bislang war es nicht möglich, Weichgewebe im menschlichen Körper mit hinreichender Genauigkeit und Geschwindigkeit abzutasten. Klinisch eingesetzte Verfahren nutzen heutzutage langsame, röntgen- und markerbasierte Verfahren zur Absolutortung von Tumorstrukturen. Zusätzlich werden externe Surrogatsignale verwendet, um abhängig vom Atemzustand des Patienten entweder den Behandlungsstrahl an- und abzuschalten (Gating), oder durch ein Korrelationsmodell die interne Tumorposition zu berechnen und die Strahlenquelle nachzuführen.
Beide Ansätze setzen einen festen Zusammenhang zwischen Surrogatsignal und Tumorposition voraus. Fehler in der Erfassung dieses Zusammenhangs oder die Änderung des Modells über die Zeit führen zu Behandlungsfehlern. Darüber hinaus gibt es Bereiche im menschlichen Körper, die sich nicht mittels korrelationsbasierter Bewegungskompensation behandeln lassen. Besonders in Gebieten mit kardiovaskulärer und respiratorischer Bewegung setzt sich die Tumorbewegung aus einer nichtlinearen Kombination dieser Bewegungsquellen zusammen und die Aufstellung eines Modells ist unmöglich, bzw. würde eine viel zu hohe Anzahl von Messpunkten (Röntgenbildern) erfordern.
Mit der Entwicklung schneller 4D Ultraschallgeräte besteht neuerdings die Möglichkeit, Strukturen des menschlichen Körpers mit ausreichend Weichgewebekontrast mehrmals pro Sekunde zu erfassen. Tumorpositionen können in Ultraschallvolumen lokalisiert und direkt zur Bewegungskompensation genutzt werden.
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